// int 可以替换为任意类型标识
var slice1 []int               // nil切片
slice2 := []int{}              // 空切片 len 0 cap 0
slice3 := []int{1,2,3}         // len 3 cap 3
slice4 := make([]int, 1)       // len 1 cap 1
slice5 := make([]int, 1, 2)    // len 1 cap 2

item1 := slice[0]       // 下表取值  下表从0开始
for i := range slice    // 遍历下标
for i, v := range slice // 遍历下表和值

newSlice := append(slice, item1, item2, ...)    // 追加元素
newSlice := append(slice1, slice2...)           // 追加切片

// 类似append(slice1, append(slice2, slice3))
newSlice := slices.Concat(slice1, slice2, slice3, ...)

slice1[start:end]   // 裁剪从start开始，到end结束不包含end下标的元素  裁剪后的cap为原cap-start
slice2[:end]        // 省略start表示从0开始
slice3[start:]      // 省略end表示在最后一个元素处结束
slice4[:]           // 裁剪出所有元素

slice1[1:]                      // 移除首个元素
slice2[:len(slice2)-1]          // 移除尾部元素
slice3 = append(slice[:i], slice[i+1:]) // 移除下标为i的元素  需要注意下标是否超限

newSlice := slice  // 浅拷贝，仅靠被头信息
// copy 的原则是在不改变长度的情况下尽可能进行拷贝
// []int{9, 9} []int{1, 2, 3, 4}  结果为[]int{1, 2} []int{1, 2, 3, 4}
copy(dst, src)  // 尽可能将src中的元素拷贝到dst中  保持下标一致

// 函数签名  func test([]int)
test(slice)  // 引用传递，不发生扩容的情况下修改切片中的值会影响的原切片

type slice struct {
	array unsafe.Pointer   // 指向数据存储地址（一片连续的内存空间）的指针
	len   int              // 保存切片长度
	cap   int              // 保存切片容量  cap*sizeof(element)就是存储空间大小
}
// A notInHeapSlice is a slice backed by runtime/internal/sys.NotInHeap memory.
type notInHeapSlice struct {
	array *notInHeap
	len   int
	cap   int
}

//go:linkname makeslice
func makeslice(et *_type, len, cap int) unsafe.Pointer {
	mem, overflow := math.MulUintptr(et.Size_, uintptr(cap))
	if overflow || mem > maxAlloc || len < 0 || len > cap {
		// NOTE: Produce a 'len out of range' error instead of a
		// 'cap out of range' error when someone does make([]T, bignumber).
		// 'cap out of range' is true too, but since the cap is only being
		// supplied implicitly, saying len is clearer.
		// See golang.org/issue/4085.
		mem, overflow := math.MulUintptr(et.Size_, uintptr(len))
		if overflow || mem > maxAlloc || len < 0 {
			panicmakeslicelen()
		}
		panicmakeslicecap()
	}

	return mallocgc(mem, et, true)
}

//go:linkname growslice
func growslice(oldPtr unsafe.Pointer, newLen, oldCap, num int, et *_type) slice {
	oldLen := newLen - num
	if raceenabled {
		callerpc := getcallerpc()
		racereadrangepc(oldPtr, uintptr(oldLen*int(et.Size_)), callerpc, abi.FuncPCABIInternal(growslice))
	}
	if msanenabled {
		msanread(oldPtr, uintptr(oldLen*int(et.Size_)))
	}
	if asanenabled {
		asanread(oldPtr, uintptr(oldLen*int(et.Size_)))
	}

	if newLen < 0 {
		panic(errorString("growslice: len out of range"))
	}

	if et.Size_ == 0 {
		// append should not create a slice with nil pointer but non-zero len.
		// We assume that append doesn't need to preserve oldPtr in this case.
		return slice{unsafe.Pointer(&zerobase), newLen, newLen}
	}

	newcap := nextslicecap(newLen, oldCap)

	var overflow bool
	var lenmem, newlenmem, capmem uintptr
	// Specialize for common values of et.Size.
	// For 1 we don't need any division/multiplication.
	// For goarch.PtrSize, compiler will optimize division/multiplication into a shift by a constant.
	// For powers of 2, use a variable shift.
	noscan := !et.Pointers()
	switch {
	case et.Size_ == 1:
		lenmem = uintptr(oldLen)
		newlenmem = uintptr(newLen)
		capmem = roundupsize(uintptr(newcap), noscan)
		overflow = uintptr(newcap) > maxAlloc
		newcap = int(capmem)
	case et.Size_ == goarch.PtrSize:
		lenmem = uintptr(oldLen) * goarch.PtrSize
		newlenmem = uintptr(newLen) * goarch.PtrSize
		capmem = roundupsize(uintptr(newcap)*goarch.PtrSize, noscan)
		overflow = uintptr(newcap) > maxAlloc/goarch.PtrSize
		newcap = int(capmem / goarch.PtrSize)
	case isPowerOfTwo(et.Size_):
		var shift uintptr
		if goarch.PtrSize == 8 {
			// Mask shift for better code generation.
			shift = uintptr(sys.TrailingZeros64(uint64(et.Size_))) & 63
		} else {
			shift = uintptr(sys.TrailingZeros32(uint32(et.Size_))) & 31
		}
		lenmem = uintptr(oldLen) << shift
		newlenmem = uintptr(newLen) << shift
		capmem = roundupsize(uintptr(newcap)<<shift, noscan)
		overflow = uintptr(newcap) > (maxAlloc >> shift)
		newcap = int(capmem >> shift)
		capmem = uintptr(newcap) << shift
	default:
		lenmem = uintptr(oldLen) * et.Size_
		newlenmem = uintptr(newLen) * et.Size_
		capmem, overflow = math.MulUintptr(et.Size_, uintptr(newcap))
		capmem = roundupsize(capmem, noscan)
		newcap = int(capmem / et.Size_)
		capmem = uintptr(newcap) * et.Size_
	}

	// The check of overflow in addition to capmem > maxAlloc is needed
	// to prevent an overflow which can be used to trigger a segfault
	// on 32bit architectures with this example program:
	//
	// type T [1<<27 + 1]int64
	//
	// var d T
	// var s []T
	//
	// func main() {
	//   s = append(s, d, d, d, d)
	//   print(len(s), "\n")
	// }
	if overflow || capmem > maxAlloc {
		panic(errorString("growslice: len out of range"))
	}

	var p unsafe.Pointer
	if !et.Pointers() {
		p = mallocgc(capmem, nil, false)
		// The append() that calls growslice is going to overwrite from oldLen to newLen.
		// Only clear the part that will not be overwritten.
		// The reflect_growslice() that calls growslice will manually clear
		// the region not cleared here.
		memclrNoHeapPointers(add(p, newlenmem), capmem-newlenmem)
	} else {
		// Note: can't use rawmem (which avoids zeroing of memory), because then GC can scan uninitialized memory.
		p = mallocgc(capmem, et, true)
		if lenmem > 0 && writeBarrier.enabled {
			// Only shade the pointers in oldPtr since we know the destination slice p
			// only contains nil pointers because it has been cleared during alloc.
			//
			// It's safe to pass a type to this function as an optimization because
			// from and to only ever refer to memory representing whole values of
			// type et. See the comment on bulkBarrierPreWrite.
			bulkBarrierPreWriteSrcOnly(uintptr(p), uintptr(oldPtr), lenmem-et.Size_+et.PtrBytes, et)
		}
	}
	memmove(p, oldPtr, lenmem)

	return slice{p, newLen, newcap}
}

// nextslicecap computes the next appropriate slice length.
func nextslicecap(newLen, oldCap int) int {
	newcap := oldCap
	doublecap := newcap + newcap
	if newLen > doublecap {
		return newLen
	}

	const threshold = 256
	if oldCap < threshold {
		return doublecap
	}
	for {
		// Transition from growing 2x for small slices
		// to growing 1.25x for large slices. This formula
		// gives a smooth-ish transition between the two.
		newcap += (newcap + 3*threshold) >> 2

		// We need to check `newcap >= newLen` and whether `newcap` overflowed.
		// newLen is guaranteed to be larger than zero, hence
		// when newcap overflows then `uint(newcap) > uint(newLen)`.
		// This allows to check for both with the same comparison.
		if uint(newcap) >= uint(newLen) {
			break
		}
	}

	// Set newcap to the requested cap when
	// the newcap calculation overflowed.
	if newcap <= 0 {
		return newLen
	}
	return newcap
}